#AmINext and #SAShutdown are hashtag movements against gender-based-violence in South Africa (SA). Thousands of women within SA came together and marched to Parliament in Cape Town protesting against "government’s failure in dealing with the rise of violent killings and rape against women and children in South Africa’ (Morshedi, 2020).
Problems and Purpose
Due to multiple murder rape cases of women and girls being reported in the media during South Africa’s National Women’s Month to name a few victims:
(1) Leighandre Jegels 25-year-old South African boxing Champion, who was shot dead by her police officer boyfriend (2) Janika Mallo 14-year-old found in her grandmother’s yard raped and murdered (3) Jesse Hess 19-year-old UWC student raped and strangled to death. However, the last straw for many was when (4) the body of 19-year-old UCT student Uyinene Mrwetyana – was discovered raped and killed by a post office employee in August 2019.
As a result, after the horrific murders of specifically Uyinene a #Hashtag revolution was born. Where women all over South Africa, took to social media and used the hashtags #SAShutdown and #AmINext (Morshedi, 2020). The purpose of my study is to show ‘how’ firstly social mobilization and secondly digital activism was used to hold government liable and accountable as well as understanding the severity of the gender-based violence crisis in the country.
Background History and Context
As cited by Williamson (2017, pg. 8615) “GBV in policy context varying: the essence however focuses on the acts that uphold female subordination. This violence can occur on multiple levels and may include - intimate partner violence, sexual violence, economic violence, economic abuse, childhood sexual abuse, female genital mutilation, forced prostitution, deliberate malnourishment of female children, dowry related murder and including marital rape.”
South Africa celebrates almost 30 years of democracy. A democracy that was led by the determination for a country, to practice equality and equity. South Africa has made many advancements and continues to progress and create transformational changes that empower both the nation as well as the global system. South Africa’s Constitutional Bill of Rights in relation to policies and rights implemented to protect women and children are seen as the most comprehensive and progressive constitution in comparison to other states (Williamson, 2017). However, women in South Africa continue to face high levels of gender-based violence – it is a problem that is far from unique to South Africans. As illustrated by Enaifoghe, Dlamini & Durokifa (2021, pg. 137) “In South Africa, gender-based violence (GBV) is a profound and widespread problem that has a severe effect in impacting on almost every aspect of life.”
South Africa’s difficulty of overcoming gender-based violence is deeply rooted within their cultural, societal, economic, political and social inequalities. According to a report by the WHO (2005) “reported that women are often denied equal opportunities in different cycles of life, including access to education, economic opportunities and political leadership and they are regarded as weaker vessels.” Thus, women and children in South Africa are the most affected groups of gender-based violence due to deep ingrained systems, institutions, cultures and traditions in South Africa.
In 2019 the South African Police Service reported, nearly 3000 women were killed in South Africa between 2017 and 2018. This was demonstrated by the fact-checking organisation’s calculations (AHO), which revealed that 'the killing rate for adult women at nearly 15.2 per 100 000’. Furthermore, after comparing states retrieved from the World Health Organisation (2016), showed that "the murder rate is 12.5 per 100 000 women and girls”. Therefore, based on these figures, South Africa became the fourth worst country out of 183 countries – who continue to face extreme cases of gender-based violence issues within the global world.
A report by SAPS Crime Stats in 2019 further illustrated an increase in sexual offences, murders and rape cases that occurred in South Africa during the years 2019 and 2020.
- As stated by African Health Organisation (AHO) (2021) “2019/20, 53 289 sexual offences were reported, an average of 149 per day, up from 52 420 in 2018/19. Most of these were cases of rape. Of this the police recorded 42 289 rapes in 2019/20, up from 41 583 in 2018/19, an average of 116 rapes each day”
- “in 2019/20 a total of 2 695 women were murdered in South Africa. This means a women is murdered every three hours.”
What is even more outrageous, is the fact that, the African Health Organisation highlights women in South Africa who experience violence in their daily lives ‘ranks higher than issues of smoking, obesity or high blood pressure as a contributor to death, disability and illness’ (AHO, 2021).
As cited by Francke (2019, pg. 2) “at least 137 sexual offences are committed per day in South Africa, mainly against women, according to official figures. This week the women’s minister – said more than 30 women were killed by their spouses last month (August)”
During South Africa’s National Women’s month, 19-year-old Uyinene Mrwetyana was brutally raped and murdered on the 24th of August 2019 by a post office employee. The deceased victim Uyinene enquired about a parcel she had purchased and was expected to collect the parcel at the post office in Claremont at 2pm on the 24 of August 2019 (Nombembe, 2019).
However, as she arrived inside the post office, the employee locked the front door and started to make advances towards her. He raped, choked and beat Uyinene to death with a post office scale as she screamed and showed resistance. Uyinene died and her body was locked inside a safe at the post office (Nombembe, 2019). The employee left the office that evening and returned the next day- early morning (25 of August) to continue cleaning the scene and waiting to remove her body once it became dark. The employee placed Uyinene lifeless body into the trunk of his car and dumped her body in a Township called Khayelitsha which was near to where he lived. Furthermore, the employee purchased petrol to dispose of the body, which was discovered the following day on Monday the 26 August 2019 (Nombembe, 2019). As a result, of this horrific murder case a protest and digital activism almost immediately began. The media played a key role in reporting the Uyinene case.
Images: Stop Gender-Based Violence written on a hand and #AmINext Protest Poster in Cape Town
Organizing, Supporting, and Funding Entities
Due to the murder of Uyinene Mrwetyana and the many other brutal murders and rape cases that occurred during women’s month in South Africa, fueled a digital revolution and called for a state of emergency to be declared (Morshedi, 2020). As a result, Sivuyile Ngesi a black South African actor and celebrity (comedian, presenter and producer) with a social media following total of 245 200 followers (total number of people following him on social media sites: Twitter, Instagram and Facebook). This actor is known for speaking his mind and never afraid to do so. Therefore, due to the gender-based violence cases- Siv tweeted a video on twitter as illustrated by Morshedi (2020, pg.8) “a video of a group of gender activists being released from a police station in Cape Town and captioned it “Finally released at 1am! 10am, we march again to Parliament #SAShutDown.”
Mr Ngesi initiated the #SAShutdown movement where he urged South Africans to call for a nation-wide shutdown with the hopes of bringing gender-based violence to the government’s attention (Morshedi, 2020). Furthermore, on the 3rd of September 2019 he uploaded a video on Instagram expressing ‘even though South Africans are able to quickly recover from difficult situations we cannot get used to it – I believe we as South African’s we should shut down this country! Every single one of us should march because enough-is-enough! Additionally, he stated that ‘our women are at war and children are at war and we walk around as if everything is okay! Shut the country down! Hashtag SA Shutdown and take it to the streets! Enough-is-enough! We need to take a stand’
Moreover, it has been challenging to track whether there were funding involved within establishing the movement. However, this was a digital movement that revolutionised into a street protest to parliament Cape Town. Thus, an organisation called the ‘Fight Back SA’ facilitated the gender-based violence gathering or event and the public page on Facebook called “Gathering against Gender Based Violence in South Africa” which outlined the date, time and venue (parliament) including a few rules for the public gathering against GBV. This page had a response of 20 600 individuals who indicated on Facebook their interest in attending the GBV gathering. Furthermore, Fight Back SA collaborated with other organisers such as the ‘Protesting Against Violence Towards Women and Children event’ who shared the similar guidelines for the GBV event, and 10 000 individuals indicated their interest in attending the GBV gathering. Although there are individuals who do not use Facebook or other social media platforms, the details for the street protest was highlighted on the radios, shared amongst peers via messenger and a few news outlets.
Image of protesters against GBV in Cape Town
Participant Recruitment and Selection
According to Arnstein (1969 pg. 220) “citizen participation is the redistribution of power that enables the have-nots’ citizens presently excluded from the political and economic processes, to be deliberately included in the future. It is the strategy by which the have nots join in determining how information is shared, goals and policies are set”.
This initiative was open to all although #AmINext is a gender-based violence movement, there was no particular selection or recruitment needed, for this digital activist and social hashtag movement. Instead, the #AmINext movement called for the public participation of all South Africans to come together and declare a state of emergency - in relation to the government’s failure to protect women from men, who continue to brutally murder and rape women and children without proper consequences.
The individuals who participated within the #AmINext Gender-based violence movement were predominately women activists (young and old), many University and College students, the LGBTIQ community and males. The hashtag movement did not exclude males who wanted to show their support and concerns for these women in South Africa. As a result, the movement included civic engagement both online and by marching to parliament it included a shutdown of many institutions to stand in solidarity with the South African citizens. Additionally, local celebrities (actors, singers, and rappers) and influencers (bloggers) attended the protest march as well as shared hashtags such as #AmINext #SAShutDown on to their social media platforms expressing their frustrations and anger of the killings that occurred in South Africa (Francke, 2019).
Methods and Tools Used
The #AmINext gender-based violence movement launched as an online or ‘digital activist’ action at first. As illustrated by Chimboza, Abrahams and Chigona (2020, pg. 1) “digital activism is an online or technology-based public effort with collective grievances directed to authority aimed at achieving social justice.” These online actions included using three main social media platforms such as: Twitter, Facebook and Instagram to mobilize women to take an active stand against the injustices women have been facing within South Africa. These platforms were used as a method of information sharing, building solidarity amongst South African women, using the platform to campaign online as well as to make sure their voices were heard (Chimboza, Abrahams, & Chigona, 2020). The hashtag (#AmINext) movement- conveyed political action online by ‘liking’, ‘reposting’, ‘sharing’ and ‘commenting’ on social media posts that discussed these victims’ deaths, the continued discrimination women face in the 21st century by hands of men and the South African government. Furthermore, women in South Africa (civil society) used digital activism to express political action through following online activist media pages or blogs expressing the need for political action and creating their own content to which discussed the government’s failure in dealing with the rise of violent killings and rape against women and children in South Africa (Chimboza, Abrahams, & Chigona, 2020).
This hashtag movement #AmINext empowered South African women and civil society to join together by the use of pictures, shared posts and hashtags such as #AmINext? #EnoughIsEnough! And a call for #SAShutDown to promote political and social messages that connected thousands of South Africans through the use of digital activism. As illustrated by Chimboza, Abrahams and Chigona (2020, pg. 4) “emphasised that hashtags are powerful in that although they take place in the digital domain, they have consequences in the real world as they can influence decisions and modify online behaviour”
On Thursday 5th September 2019, due to the mobilizing of social media – thousands of South African protectors predominately women, marched using the social media #AmINext slogan- Furthermore, Dunu & Uzochukwu (2015, pg. 10) “argued that social media can become an effective and alternative tool for social mobilisation within the context of the unique multiple platform of new forms of engagement it offers to the audience”. Therefore, it can be used as a tool to ‘inspire people’ and ‘encourage’ people to participate through takingaction concerning social issues. As a result, protestors marched and gathered outside the parliament in Cape Town shouting angrily “not enough is being done to protect women- we want action!” (placards). The aim of the protest was to declare a national crisis, and demand President Cyril Ramaphosa and the government take actions and implement laws that protect women in South Africa (Dunu & Uzochukwu, 2015).
What Went On: Process, Interaction, and Participation
#AmINext digital movement involved the use of social media as its primary tool to empower and inform political action. Social media was used to spread the word about Gender-based violence injustices and government’s role to protect these women and children within South Africa – therefore to come up with a plan of action. The digital technique of social media was used as a tool to mobilize public ‘citizen participation’ through changing their status, news feeds and profile pictures on platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and WhatsApp - indicated a sense of mourning for victims. Furthermore, using hashtags such as #AmINext #SAShutDown #EnoughIsEnough to show their frustrations, concerns and solidarity. Citizens tagged their peers to related conversations regarding the #SAShutdown protest movement that happened in Cape Town and also reposted it on their platforms for their followers to see (Dunu & Uzochukwu, 2015).
Additionally, social media platforms were used to inform and connect civil society – in organising a national street protest to take place on Thursday 5th of September 2019 and march together to Parliament, using the hashtags #AmINext and #SAShutDown. The protestors and women activists marched to Parliament in Black and Purple as a sign of mourning these victims. South African’s continued to participate in the march by singing struggle songs and shouting #EnoughIsEnough! We Demand change from the government! The citizens walked with signs and placards reading “Stop Killing Us” “I just want to feel safe” “I don’t want to die, with my legs open” “in my country it’s easier to get raped than get a job” these signs or messages were intended for women’s voices to be heard and to send powerful statements to the government officials. It was civil societies intentions to march to parliament and demand that government act and that leaders such as the President Cyril Ramaphosa will address the countries concerns related to gender-based violence in South Africa and implement policies and sentences that would prevent men from harming and discriminating women and children within South Africa (Chimboza, Abrahams, & Chigona, 2020).
Image of President Cyril Ramaphosa addressing crowd at #AmINext Protest outside parliament in Cape Town
Influence, Outcomes, and Effects
“The men of our country need to take responsibility for the slaughtering of women and children of our nation… the men of the country need to stop raping women of this country and killing them!” - President Cyril Ramaphosa (SABC News, 2019)
The #AmINext gender-based violence movement began as a digital activist movement, to raise awareness and encourage citizens in South Africa to come together and participate in shutting South Africa down (#SAShutdown). The hashtag (digital) movement encouraged citizens to participate and revolutionise the movement to the streets thus, actively participate in a street protest (march) to Cape Town Parliament, in order for government to declare gender-based violence in South Africa as a State of Emergency #SAShutdown (Morshedi, 2020).
The purpose of the #AmINext GBV movement protest to Parliament and the digital activism, was to plead for government to take immediate action and to demand necessary measures and resources, that would assist in preventing further violent acts against women and children in South Africa. Additionally, the hashtag movement allowed citizens to voice their frustration, fears and to hold government accountable for failing women and children in South Africa (Chimboza, Abrahams, & Chigona, 2020).
On behalf of the women and children in South Africa, organisations collaborated together and shared an outline of a memorandum, that was given to President Cyril Ramaphosa on the day of the protest. Moreover, this memorandum outlined the demands and concerns of all women and children in South Africa, in order for government leaders to act on these demands and provide the necessary outcomes to decrease the current gender-based violence (rape/murders) statistics in the country (Francke, 2019). Therefore, organisations such as the Fight Back SA (including others) have provided a summary of the memorandum on Facebook, which the organisation intended on issuing to the President of South Africa. This summary outlined demands necessary for the government to implement as well as include the additional comments of organisations such as the ‘Fight Back SA’ who used Facebook as a platform to include citizen participation. By asking citizens of South Africa who have Facebook to provide additional comments or demands that was not outlined in the summary, in order to include it within the memorandum.
A few of the demands stipulated within the memorandum were (1) to demand reallocation of bettering resources for women and children, (2) a fully funded multi-sector National Strategic Plan to combat (GBV) and (3) to improving service delivery that would protect women and children in South Africa, (4) there should be harsher penalties for perpetrators of violent acts (rape and murder) against women and children by insisting on life imprisonment, (5) to strengthen the criminal justice system (no bail for perpetrators) and (6) Police stations (SAPS) needs to become safe spaces, there should be counselling available for victims as well as rape kits. These are a few of the demands mentioned within the memorandum that was distributed to the president.
As a result of this movement, and the citizens involved in wanting to combat Gender-based Violence in South Africa, it forced government specifically President Cyril Ramaphosa to address the protestors outside parliament. The President then accepted the memorandum as it outlines the South African women’s demands for change in gender-based violence. Furthermore, he reassured the protestors that the government will be taking a firm stand to heighten the protection, defence and safety of the women in South Africa. Additionally, the President stated that he is taking note of “the placards… internalising it and agrees ‘Enough-Is-Enough!” (SABC News, 2019). This movement forced government to listen to citizens of South Africa, specifically the President as he was initially supposed to attend the 74th General Assembly UN global meeting in New York. However, due to the domestic issues and the urgency faced within the country the President remained and address this matter (Bauer, 2019).
The President further states as cited by SABC News (2019) “Men who violate women, rape women and who kill women must stay in JAIL for LIFE! Because men who rape women, men who kill women and men who do all these things, that abuse women do not belong in society, they belong behind bars!”
Furthermore, after addressing the protestors outside of Parliament and promising to address the Nation later that day on the 5th September 2019, President Cyril Ramaphosa announced a five-point emergency plan according to Stegmann (2019, pg. 1) “the five points are prevention, enhancing the legal and policy framework, ensuring adequate care, support and healing for victims of violence and strengthening the economic power of women.” This plan was to be implemented within the next 6 months. In the President’s address to the nation, he emphasised that ‘these acts of violence have made us doubt the very foundation of our democratic society our commitment to human rights, human dignity, to equality peace and to justice.’.
Analysis and Lessons Learned
In analysing this case it will be using Diamond and Morlino’s theory as it focuses on ‘The Quality of Democracy. As illustrated by Diamond & Morlino the quality of democracy is framed by three broad motives. Firstly, the motives to ‘deepening democracy is regarded as a moral good’, maybe even an imperative. Secondly, reforms to ‘improve democratic quality are essential if democracy’ is to achieve the broad and durable legitimacy that marks consolidation and lastly, long-established democracies must also reform if they are to solve their own gathering problems of public dissatisfactions and even disillusionment (Diamond & Morlino, 2005).
This theory provides a perspective (framework) to study the ‘Quality of Democracy’ by focusing on measuring the dimensions of a good/better democracy and encourage democratic quality that intends to improve and deepen democracy. Furthermore, to analyse the quality of democracy, these authors propose that there are eight dimensions on which democracies vary in quality such as (1) freedom, (2) the rule of law, (3) vertical accountability, (4) responsiveness, (5) equality, (6) participant, (7) competition and (8) horizontal accountability. However, these authors highlight that in measuring and identifying the quality of these dimensions, there are often an overlap of these different aspects that depends on another element of the dimension thus this could be beneficial in measuring the quality of democracy (Diamond & Morlino, 2005).
Furthermore, Diamond and Morlino suggest that one first needs to be knowledgeable of the basic standards of a democracy before determining ‘what’ makes a good or better democracy. There are four democratic requirements as mentioned by Diamond & Morlino (2005, pg. 22) “(1) universal, adult suffrage (2) recurring, free, competitive and fair elections (3) more than one serious political party and (4) alternative sources of information.” Additionally, these four basic standards equip citizens and researchers to measure and achieve an ideal democracy that depends on the political and civil freedoms, popular sovereignty and political equality in order to have a good or better democracy that relies on the quality of procedures, content and result of a good governance (Diamond & Morlino, 2005).
As a result, digital activism has shown promising success, in relations to other hashtag movements such as the #BlackLivesMatters, #FeesMustFall and the #MeToo movements. All these movements began online. As illustrated by Morshedi (2020, pg. 19) “The #BlackLivesMatter campaign maintains a website, where it stresses that the campaign is [n]ot a moment, but a movement. This powerful message has transformed national conversations on race and society. The members effectively demonstrate how effective advocacy can spark comprehensive social dialogs and challenge the status quo in the twenty-first century.” Thus, using social media to mobilise groups of people can be a useful tool, as these platforms (Facebook, Instagram, Twitter) enables individuals to stay active by sharing a post, liking and participating in online petitions or donating funds online. To join a movement by using online platforms, it has become easier as individuals could simply repost, like or share a post. This method could be useful if individuals are not able to physically (march in the streets) part-take in the march as well as one could voice their opinion or stories whilst staying anonymous (not being seen by the crowds or media). Through using a digital activist approach, one is able to reach a bigger group of people and much more people could be involved within the movement (Morshedi, 2020).
Moreover, in using methods such as ‘digital activism’ or social media to mobilise a movement such as the #AmINext and #SAShutdown gender-based movement, which primarily started as an online movement. Thus, using this method allowed diverse groups of people to come together, including communities and organisations who wanted to fight for a common cause such as protecting and stopping the continuous issues of gender-based violence many South African women and children face at the hands of men and government not acting. Therefore, it was through social media that the movement became successful in specifically, gathering thousands of people to part-take in the protest to Parliament and it was through social media that the decisions were made to act and demands made that government needs to act on the issues of gender-based violence, by reiterating that the murders and rape cases women and children face in South Africa is a matter of urgency (Morshedi, 2020).
It is due to these actions that the government implemented the five-point National Strategic Plan on Gender-Based Violence (emergency plan) including a 1.6-billion-rand funding to combat gender-based violence in South Africa, with the intention of supporting the Emergency Response Action Plan (Stegmann, 2019). This funding will allow members of government, civil society members and organisations to fund programmes that will assist in helping or improving the lives of women and children in South Africa (Khumalo & Chidoori, 2021). Hence, these outcomes were enforced due to citizen participation and citizens (institutions, organisations, communities) holding the government officials and the institutions such as the criminal justice system accountable for these continuous murder and rape cases within South Africa.
However, due to the Covid-19 virus and the government implementing a National Lockdown in South Africa, most of these important and impressive plans to improve and tackle gender-based violence in South Africa, had come to a halt. As the governments’ priorities has shifted to combating the virus and reallocating their budget to assist the many individuals and businesses, who were suffering from an increase rate of unemployment within the country (Morshedi, 2020). Furthermore, the national lockdown has introduced the nation to new predictions globally but (1) highlighted long-standing challenges such as inequalities in the economic, social and political sectors within South Africa, which has not benefited many during the lockdown, it re-emphasised how disadvantage women are within South Africa. (2) The effects of the pandemic and lockdown has highlighted a rise in gender-based violence, hunger becoming a pressing issue and there to be a serious threat to the mental health and well-being associated to the vulnerability of women in South Africa (Gultura & Nunlall, 2020). As a result, the number of distress calls has increased during lockdown as stated by Grobler (2020) “the national government’s gender-based violence (GBV) and femicide command centre, which runs a toll-free, 24/7 emergency call centre, recorded that more than 120 000 victims rang the national helpline for abused women and children in the first three weeks after lockdown started – double the usual volume of calls.”
However, since lockdown has ended, the government has made efforts to continue tackling the issue of gender-based violence, and continues to work with non-government organisations, and shelters to combat gender violence, although the issue of gender based-violence still remain a battle amongst women and children there is progress but a fight far from resolved.
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Notes
Photograph 1: South African President, Cyril Ramaphosa, addresses protesters outside parliament in Cape Town. Photograph: AP